Kalman Filter for Calibrating a Telescope Focal Plane

Optimal estimates of scientific and engineering calibration parameters are generated simultaneously.

The instrument-pointing frame (IPF) Kalman filter, and an algorithm that implements this filter, have been devised for calibrating the focal plane of a telescope. As used here, “calibration” signifies, more specifically, a combination of measurements and calculations directed toward ensuring accuracy in aiming the telescope and determining the locations of objects imaged in various arrays of photodetectors in instruments located on the focal plane. The IPF Kalman filter was originally intended for application to a spaceborne infrared astronomical telescope, but can also be applied to other spaceborne and ground-based telescopes.

In the traditional approach to calibration of a telescope, (1) one team of experts concentrates on estimating parameters (e.g., pointing alignments and gyroscope drifts) that are classified as being of primarily an engineering nature, (2) another team of experts concentrates on estimating calibration parameters (e.g., plate scales and optical distortions) that are classified as being primarily of a scientific nature, and (3) the two teams repeatedly exchange data in an iterative process in which each team refines its estimates with the help of the data provided by the other team. This iterative process is inefficient and uneconomical because it is time-consuming and entails the maintenance of two survey teams and the development of computer programs specific to the requirements of each team. Moreover, theoretical analysis reveals that the engineering/science iterative approach is not optimal in that it does not yield the best estimates of focal-plane parameters and, depending on the application, may not even enable convergence toward a set of estimates.

In contrast, in the IPF Kalman-filter approach, no attempt is made to distinguish between engineering and scientific parameters. Hence, there is no need for separate engineering and scientific survey teams, separate software, and iteration between the teams. Instead, both engineering and scientific focal-plane parameters are estimated together, using data taken in the same focal-plane survey. The main advantage is that the IPF Kalman filter offers greater efficiency and economy. In addition, the estimates generated by the IPF Kalman filter are optimal.